PDF: 5.0057100.pdf
5.0057100
ABSTRACT
![figure](https://aip.scitation.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/aip/journals/content/phf/2021/phf.2021.33.issue-7/5.0057100/20210729/images/small/5.0057100.figures.online.f3.gif)
![Table icon](https://aip.scitation.org/templates/jsp/_style2/_aip/images/dummy_table_thumb.png)
Mask material | Filtration efficiency (%) | ΔP (Pa) | ΔP/Pdyn | ΔP/Q (Pa s/m3×10−5) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cloth | 40 | 1196 | 1356 | 19.67 |
Surgical | 47 | 573 | 650 | 9.42 |
KN95 | 95 | 1014 | 1150 | 16.68 |
R95 | 96 | 606 | 687 | 9.97 |
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dcdt=∇·(K∇c)+R−λc, | (1) |
where c is the concentration of aerosol particles (particles m−3), t is time, K is the diffusion coefficient (m2 s−1), R is the particle injection rate (particles m−3 s−1), and the sink term containing the decay rate λ (s−1) which takes into account particle decay.35
dcdt=R−λc. | (2) |
The solution to Eq. (2), subject to the initial condition c*(t=0)=0, is given by
c*(t)=R*λ*(1−e−λ*t). | (3) |
For the purposes of practical data assimilation considered in the present study, the underlying simplification absorbs the effect of diffusion into the sink and source terms. This makes the solution dependent on the spatial location, and the relevant parameters are marked with an asterisk (c*, R*, λ*). Equation (3) models the temporal evolution of concentration in a typical first-order fashion with a saturation concentration of c*sat=R*/λ*. Although previous studies have noted significant deviations of diffusion-based computational results from the well-mixed model,72–74 the simplified model will be shown to fit well with the experimental data and thus provides a suitable comparison basis for saturation conditions. The latter allows for relative source strength comparisons between different test cases, which is of particular importance for the evaluation of the apparent mask filtration efficiency.
![figure](https://aip.scitation.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/aip/journals/content/phf/2021/phf.2021.33.issue-7/5.0057100/20210729/images/small/5.0057100.figures.online.f6.gif)
![Table icon](https://aip.scitation.org/templates/jsp/_style2/_aip/images/dummy_table_thumb.png)
Material | R* (%h) | λ* (h–1) | c*sat=R*/λ* (%) | ηAFE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
No mask | 0.53 ± 0.11 | 0.46 ± 0.11 | 1.13 ± 0.057 | ⋯ |
Cloth | 0.45 ± 0.27 | 0.44 ± 0.31 | 1.02 ± 0.11 | 9.8 ± 9.7 |
Surgical | 0.41 ± 0.36 | 0.41 ± 0.39 | 0.99 ± 0.11 | 12.4 ± 9.7 |
KN95 | 0.27 ± 0.10 | 0.45 ± 0.12 | 0.61 ± 0.095 | 46.3 ± 9.4 |
R95 | 0.19 ± 0.09 | 0.42 ± 0.11 | 0.45 ± 0.09 | 60.2 ± 9.0 |
KN95-gap | 0.46 ± 0.16 | 0.42 ± 0.21 | 1.09 ± 0.09 | 3.4 ± 8.9 |
KN95-valve | 0.37 ± 0.12 | 0.41 ± 0.14 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | 20.3 ± 8.9 |
ηAFE=100×(c*satNoMask−c*satc*satNoMask). | (4) |
The resulting estimates for the apparent filtration efficiency (ηAFE) are reported in Table III, which confirms that ηAFE for all the masks is significantly lower than the filtration efficiencies for their respective materials presented in Table II. The R95 mask has the highest ηAFE of 60.2%, which is attributed to the tighter fit of the mask obtained by the overhead straps, a relatively stiff fabric, and the built-in soft sealing layer at the nose bridge of the mask. For KN95 mask, the gaps along the cheeks and the nose bridge are found to be comparatively larger, which leads to a lower ηAFE despite a similar filtration efficiency of the material. The cloth and surgical masks perform relatively poorly with efficiencies of only 9.8% and 12.4%, respectively, due to both low material filtration efficiency and significantly higher amounts of leakages around the cheeks and bridge of the nose. Further, due to the higher flexibility of the cloth and surgical mask material, they easily deform during exhalation, causing an increase in the size of the preexisting gaps, allowing more aerosols to escape.
![figure](https://aip.scitation.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/aip/journals/content/phf/2021/phf.2021.33.issue-7/5.0057100/20210729/images/small/5.0057100.figures.online.f7.gif)
![Table icon](https://aip.scitation.org/templates/jsp/_style2/_aip/images/dummy_table_thumb.png)
ACH | R* (%/h) | λ* (h–1) | c*sat=R*/λ* (%) | ηAFE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 1.13 | ⋯ |
1.7 | 0.48 | 1.36 | 0.35 | 69 |
2.45 | 0.52 | 2.19 | 0.24 | 79 |
3.2 | 0.41 | 2.27 | 0.18 | 84 |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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